Human Tissue, Organ Transplantation, Organ Donation
Human Tissue and Tissue Product Questions and Answers
FDA regulates human cells or tissues intended for implantation, transplantation, infusion, or transfer into a human recipient. These are referred to as human cells, tissue, and cellular and tissue-based products, or HCT/Ps, and are regulated under Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 1270 and 1271. Certain HCT/Ps are also regulated under other parts of Title 21. Examples of HCT/Ps include bone, skin, corneas, ligaments, tendons, dura mater, heart valves, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from peripheral and cord blood, oocytes and semen. FDA does not regulate the transplantation of vascularized human organ transplants such as kidney, liver, heart, lung or pancreas. The Health Resources Services Administration (HRSA) oversees the transplantation of vascularized human organs.
Does FDA regulate Organ donation?
No. The Health Resources and Services Administration oversees the donation and transplantation of vascular organs, such as hearts, kidneys, and livers.
How safe is donated tissue?
The overall risk of disease transmission through tissue transplantation is believed to be very low. FDA has been working to help ensure the safety of human tissues since it first required donor testing in 1993. Beginning in 2001, certain establishments involved in manufacturing HCT/Ps were required to register and list their products with FDA. On May 25, 2005, the Current Good Tissue Practice rule requiring certain establishments to use methods and controls to prevent the transmission of communicable disease by HCT/Ps became effective. FDA's new requirements to determine donor eligibility, which also went into effect on May 25, 2005, include important steps to ensure that donors do not harbor infections that could be transmitted to recipients. These steps include reviewing the donor's medical history and other factors, physically assessing the donor, and testing for relevant communicable diseases that may place the donor at an increased risk of infections that could then unintentionally be transmitted to recipients through the tissues.
What is the effective date of FDA's new regulations regarding donor eligibility and good tissue practices?
HCT/Ps recovered on or after May 25, 2005, are subject to the regulations in 21 CFR Part 1271.
Under what regulations are tissues recovered before May 25, 2005 regulated?
Tissues recovered prior to May 25, 2005, are regulated under 21 CFR Part 1270.
Why aren't all HCT/Ps licensed, approved, or cleared?
FDA's tissue regulation is a risk-based approach to cell and tissue regulation. Regulation focus on three general areas: 1) limiting the risk of transmission of communicable disease from donors to recipients; 2) establishing manufacturing practices that minimize the risk of contamination; 3) requiring an appropriate demonstration of safety and effectiveness for cells and tissues that present greater risks due to their processing or their use.
HCT/Ps that meet the criteria in Section 1271.10 are regulated solely under section 361 of the Public Health Service Act. These HCT/Ps must meet only the requirements in 21CFR Part 1271 and are not required to be licensed, approved or cleared. For HCT/Ps not meeting the criteria established in Section 1271.10, FDA premarket review (including a license, approval, or clearance) is required.
Where I can I find a list of establishments that are registered with FDA?
You can search the database of FDA registered establishments.
Where can I get information on stem cell research?
Stem cells can be found throughout the body. There are stem cells in tissues and organs as well as in umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood (i.e., hematopoietic stem cells). At this time there is no licensed stem cell treatment. Additional resources regarding stem cell research are available from the National Institutes of Health resource for stem cell research.
How do I report an adverse reaction for a tissue?
Adverse reactions are reported to MedWatch by manufacturers, health care professionals and consumers. If you think you or someone in your family has experienced an adverse reaction to a tissue transplant, you are encouraged to take the reporting form to your doctor. Your health care provider can provide clinical information based on your medical record that can help us evaluate your report.
Organ Transplantation
You may need an organ transplant if one of your own organs has failed. This can happen because of illness or injury. When you have an organ transplant, doctors remove an organ from another person and place it in your body.
The organs that can be transplanted include
- Heart
- Intestine
- Kidney
- Liver
- Lung
- Pancreas
People who need an organ transplant often have to wait a long time for one. Doctors must match donors to recipients to reduce the risk of transplant rejection. This is when the recipient's body turns against the new organ, causing it to fail. People who have transplants must take drugs the rest of their lives to help keep their bodies from rejecting the new organ.
Organ Donation
Organ donation takes healthy organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another. Experts say that the organs from one donor can save or help as many as 50 people. Organs you can donate include
- Internal organs: Kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs
- Skin
- Bone and bone marrow
- Cornea
Most organ and tissue donations occur after the donor has died. But some organs and tissues can be donated while the donor is alive.
People of all ages and background can be organ donors. If you are under age 18, your parent or guardian must give you permission to become a donor. If you are 18 or older you can show you want to be a donor by signing a donor card. You should also let your family know your wishes.
| 
